Japan Is The Issue Of Heavy Alcohol Consumption - 927 Words

The Japanese are known to be some of the world’s healthiest people, mostly due to a healthy diet of fish, rice, and vegetables, as well as daily physical activity. Japan’s life expectancy is one of the highest in the world (â€Å"Countries: Japan,† 2015, para. 2b). Japan is healthy, but there are still health issues. As formerly one of the 194 countries that was a member of the World Health Organization, now the Japanese population relies on the Western Pacific Region Organizational branch of the World Health Organization for guidance and support when it comes to major health crisis that effect this otherwise healthy country. Some of the main health issues that the Western Pacific Region Organization has addressed to Japan is the issue of heavy alcohol consumption, leading to high-risk ailments such as alcohol-related Oesophageal cancer. The Japanese population is at serious risk of alcoholic related diseases unless they lower their average consumption of alcohol . Through The World Health Organization’s precautions and treatments, Japan will able to prevent the ailments that come with heavy drinking. The World Health Organization has helped Japan with many different ailments, but one pressing matter is the rise of ailments and mortality due to heavy alcohol consumption. There are many different forms of ailments and diseases caused by binge drinking. One that has come to attention in 2015, is Oesophageal cancer. This cancer is most common in Asian countries and is caused byShow MoreRelatedEssay about Keeping the Drinking Age at 211662 Words   |  7 PagesDriving (MADD), on one of the most popular prom nights in 1999, as many as 62 percent of the traffic deaths were alcohol-related (). The most important question is whether or not the drinking age anywhere in the United States should be lowered, raised or if it should stay the same. Statistics prove that the legal drinking age should remain at the age of twenty-one in the United States. Alcohol dates back to tens of thousands of years ago in history, but no one knows exactly when it was first used. HereRead MoreImpact of Radio and Television Advertising on Consumer Behaviour Special Referance on Consumer Durable Goods5906 Words   |  24 Pageswhite and rosà ©. Types of Fortified Wine Fortified wine is a wine that has been blended with a liquor. The liquor most often used for this is Brandy which is essentially just distilled wine. This gives fortified wines a distinct flavor and a higher alcohol content than normal wine – usually at least %15 ABV. * Port * Sherry * Madiera * Marsala * Vermouth * Bum Wine Types of Dessert Wine These are sweet wines and as the name suggests, they are generally served with dessert.Read MoreAlcohol Is The Biggest Killer Of Young People1566 Words   |  7 Pageswith Irish culture. This culture is often known for heavy drinking and friendly pubs. Irish whiskey such as Jameson is proudly consumed and exported. Alcohol is the biggest killer of young people in Ireland and many are impacted by their parents drinking. One person dies every seven hours due to alcohol in Ireland. Nine out of ten public order crimes in Ireland are alcohol related and one tenth of the health budget is spent on dealing with alcohol related harm. Studies conducted at universities inRead MoreFactors that Contribute to Social Illness in Brunei Darussalam732 Words   |  3 PagesSocial illness is an outcome of a negative way of social life. It really can change and control the mind-set of the people where this illness is not easily treated. It a concern to countries such as Malaysia, Japan and other countr ies including Brunei Darussalam as this social illness kept growing. It was unknown that when this phenomenon had started. It becomes more noticeable in the 20th century. Social illness also arises in Brunei Darussalam though it is not at a high rate even so it still doesRead MoreWhat Is On Sake Labels? Regulation For The Sake Of Consumer Health3298 Words   |  14 Pagesis subject to a variety of regulations both on EU and national government level. Most of these regulations are targeted at curbing the significant health risks that arise from alcohol consumption, some are targeted at preserving the quality of certain products and an ever increasing set of rules is concerned with safety issues, arising mainly of those who drink excessively and put themselves and others at risk. This essay will focus on the regime that regulates the labelling of sake to ensure a certainRead MoreGrand Metropolitan SWOT Analysis and Strategic Options Essay2081 Words   |  9 Pagesobesity laws in Jap an. The minimum age for alcoholic consumption is 18 years old in most countries and 21 years old in America (Potsdam). In 2011, Japan legalized their obesity law, meaning that it is now illegal to be overweight in Japan (Onishi 2008). New entrants will have limited target markets due to the minimum drinking age and obesity laws. Substitutes that offer healthier options will have an advantage since they fight obesity and do not have a minimum age for the consumption of their productsRead MoreAlcoholism and Native Americans Essay5068 Words   |  21 PagesThe continuous or excessive use of alcohol (ethanol) with associated pathologic results. Alcoholism is characterized by constant or periodic intoxication, although the pattern of consumption varies markedly. Individuals admitted for the first time to an alcoholism treatment center typically have been consuming 3–4 oz (80–100 g) of pure alcohol per day, corresponding to seven to nine drinks or bottles of beer or glasses of wine. Studies have shown that problem drinking in these populations startsRead More20health Benefits of Drinking Wine6132 Words   |  25 Pagesthis article is for educational purposes only. Wine should be enjoyed in a responsible manner as part of a well balanced lifestyle by healthy adults who choose to drink. If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation, with meals, and when consumption does not put you or others at risk.† Is wine good for you? In moderation and as part of an overall healthy diet, the short answer is, yes! However, the amount of wine you drink matters tremendously. Don’t drink too much, but then again, don’tRead MoreInternational Wine Marketing Plan7946 Words   |  32 Pagesallure of wine revolves around its ability to enhance an experience. Customer Analysis in Japan: Population Rate: As you can see in Japan Exhibit 1, the biggest population is in the 20s and 30s, which counts 27% of the total Japanese population in 2000. Moreover the population in 50 to 64 is 21%, the 2nd biggest pie in the whole population in Japan. Disposable Income Holding Rate: Japan Exhibit 2 shows the disposable income of each generation. The amount of disposable income isRead MoreSpain and Japan Wine Industry Factbook12631 Words   |  51 PagesWine Industry Factbook Spain v.s. Japan Cross-cultural Study 2013 WINE INDUSTRY FACTBOOK SPAIN V.S. JAPAN Presented to: Rajiv Krishnan Kozhikode Instructor BUS430 – Cross-cultural Management Presented by: Team #1 Adam Reid | 301098783 | ajr15@sfu.ca Angela Zhang | 301127074 | yufengz@sfu.ca Janice Wong | 301132415 | yingngaw@sfu.ca Jenna Zhang | 301107862 | wza31@sfu.ca Jing Tang | 301131948 | jta52@sfu.ca OlamideOmorodion | 301123288 | oomorodi@sfu.ca TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction

How Global Warming Impacts the World Free Essays

Nowadays, we are concerned with the increasing temperature nowadays, which has a great effect on the earth. When it becomes hotter, the most evident change we can see is in sea level. Icebergs all over the world are melting and change from ice to water, which has larger volume. We will write a custom essay sample on How Global Warming Impacts the World or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, more space has to be occupied to contain water instead of icebergs, and sea level increases. Many beaches are getting smaller, and some islands are even disappearing. It was also reported that some countries based on the islands of East Asia had to move to Australia because of the increasing sea level. Animals and human are suffering from the process. Not only polar bears, but also penguins and other animals have less space to live on or less food to eat because of the melting icebergs. Meanwhile, they are used to cold weather and are forced by global warming to get used to a higher temperature, which may increase their death rate. Human are also affected. The number of people dying from extreme hot weather is increasing, which makes the others worry al lot. In an addition point, global warming also has impacts on agriculture. Weather conditions and soil change in response to global warming, and as a consequent, places like Russia benefit from global warming for they can grow more kinds of food in a larger area, while places like Africa suffer from the expanding deserts results from global warming. Despite agriculture, there are also other indirectly effects on economy and many other aspects, and people are now finding solutions for them. The first thing to do is giving out less Carbon dioxide or other gases related to global warming. To achieve the goal, less electricity should be used, car should be driven less frequently, and alternative energy resources should partly replace the traditional ones. Greater emphasis has been put on planting trees to absorb Carbon dioxide. In the short term, special zoos can also be set up for animals like polar bear to provide them with enough food and places. As it can be seen, climate change has directly or unconsciously impacts on ecology, agriculture and other aspects. Serious though it seems, it can be solved with technology and everyone’s efforts. How to cite How Global Warming Impacts the World, Papers

Human Anatomy as Part of Nursing Curriculum

Question: Discuss about the Human Anatomy as Part of Nursing Curriculum. Answer: Introduction Effective nursing involves an all-embracing understanding of the various fields of bioscience. The various fields of bioscience include microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, human anatomy, physiology and basic concepts of physics and chemistry. However, lack of discernment of these fields that leads to a dearth in nursing care imparted to the patients. These fields are all interrelated and a prior knowledge aids in efficacious assessment of the condition of the patient. The chosen research article appertains to the idea that human anatomical study is necessary for every person pertaining to the healthcare industry (Johston, 2010). It concentrates on the necessity of teaching human anatomy with the help of a practical approach. The article discusses about a feedback carried out involving the nursing students and their opinion post a single incidence of exposing the students to a cadaver and understanding their approach of assessment of the cadaver. The author to consider the situatio n conducted a qualitative study. Literature Review To begin with, the authors reviews on literature states how nursing students in Australia rarely have a hands-on experience with the human cadavers. Their curriculum only includes attending lectures and that hardly includes exploration of the subjects of bioscience. Nursing students are not very keen in learning bioscience as part of their nursing curriculum as the failure rates are very high for these subjects (Mitchell, McCrorie Sedgwick, 2004). The author discusses how the complexity of the subjects makes the students lose their interest in this subject. This lack of knowledge prevents the nurse from critically analyzing the condition of a person because most of the times they are not aware how far the diseased condition deviates from the optimal condition of the human body (Pandey Zimitat, 2007). The nurses can only get equipped to treat a patient and provide with swift prognosis of the condition, if they decide to be through with the human anatomy. The author has also stressed in the article how the implementation of the anatomical study can be carried out. The interest of the student fizzes out mostly because the anatomical study and several other fields of bioscience are considered chaotic and unformed (Shors, 2006). The careful selection of author based on his knowledge, depth the student is going to build and time to be imparted to teach the subject, is also an important facet, which needs to be considered according to the author (Johnston McAllister, 2008). A measure to make the lectures interesting by incorporation of visual channels such as the video clips and multimedia presentations has also been discussed by the author (Weatherall, 2006). The author has especially stressed on the part where the introduction of human cadaver in anatomical study is involved. Although she agrees that the access to cadavers is limited, therefore she goes onto suggesting of the usage of the same specimens for several lecture sessions. Lack of experience on a clinical scale renders the nurses unprepared in carrying out their job conclusively (Kim, 2005). The author also suggests that the dearth of a study, which does not involve dissection, cannot help the students to further their nursing skills which is no longer limited to providing care by following the orders of a prescribing doctor (Winkelmann, 2007). The nurses will have to face situations where self-judgment of the condition of the patient will be an absolute necessity and a prompt action to relive the patient of the sufferance will be equally crucial. For such an unavoidable circumstance, prior knowledge is of utmost importance. Therefore, it has been justifiably suggested by the author that to meet the technologically advanced and intellectually taxing times of the 21st century, nurses have to be equipped with substantial knowledge of human anatomy and if possible, several other subjects related to bioscience. Methodology The author chose the first year nursing students at the Griffith University as the subject for the study (Johston, 2010). The anatomy lab at the School of Nursing and Midwifery was selected as the location of the study. The duration of the study was two hrs and the subjects (75) were exposed to six carefully dissected parts of the human cadaver. The specimens included parts of the limbs (both, lower and upper limb), quadrants (both, lower and upper quadrant), torso and full body. A senior nurse conducted the orientation. The students were then briefed in details regarding the way the specimens were prepared. The safety, behavior and conduct concerns were also discussed in details with the students. The students were also instructed about the vis--vis of the donation of the body. The nursing students belong to different cultural backgrounds and it become necessary for them to understand the way the anatomical study is conducted. Therefore, they are further instructed about these areas . Students are also provided with the minutiae of the specimen on display as well as features related to its pathophysiology. The discussion dealt with the planes and sections of the body parts such as the urethra, oesophagus, trachea, nasal cavity, the location and the profile of the different organs, the volume and location of the nerve tracts, the location and the width of the skeletal muscles. Post the orientation module, the students were asked to explore the specimens in order to put the discussion session into practical use. This part was then followed by the filling of the feedback form by the students, which consisted of a questionnaire, which had a Likert-scale of assessment. Simple concepts of percentage calculation were applied to study the feedback from the reports. Ethics Consideration For the study carried out by the author, no sort of clearance on a formal note was necessary from the National and University Ethics Committee (Johnston, 2010). The data collected with the help of the feedback forms was part of the customary appraisal of the course, which is recognizable as part of the semester. The students were given explanation regarding the requirement of the feedback form. Students who chose to remain anonymous in their participation or refrained from answering few of the questions exempted. Significant Results The author has employed a qualitative approach towards the study where she has introduced a feedback questionnaire to the nursing students where they had to write about the hands-on experience and use the Likert-scale to assess the questions in the form (Johnston, 2010). It was seen that 96% of the students gave a positive feedback, which means that they would appreciate such modulation in their curriculum. A rate as high as 85% of the students found it relevant to their study. This figure has been an average estimation based on the two figures which was derived based on the points where the students believed that the hands-on study would help them in future from the aspect of nursing and the other half of the students who considered it relevant to their theoretical study of human anatomy and physiology. An upsetting figure was observed where 40% of the students were glad that there would not be a repetition of the laboratory visit. However, it was later observed that the failure rate had an impressive lowering of percentage. Hence, it can be reasonably concluded that the visit was helpful for the students to perform better as it imparted sound understanding of the concepts of human anatomy. Reflective Critique The research illustrates the idea that the clearly that the incorporation of the subject of human anatomy helps the nursing students to develop a critical bent of mind which will in future help them in evaluating the condition of the patient better. A holistic approach towards the treatment of the patient receives top priority and the promised can only be delivered if the implementation of medical knowledge is carried out (El-Sayed El-Raouf, 2013). The quality of learning of these subjects can only improve and prove to be easier if the students can be taught to visualize. For example, the plane based and sectional studies of the various parts of the body such as the vagina, rectal passage and urethra, aided the patients in performing efficient catheterization process. It also helped them in the intubation/extubation procedure of trachea, based on their prior knowledge of the profile and placement within the body (McLachlan, 2004). The theoretical assistance of human anatomy also allowed the students to analyze the diagnoses and the reports in a more efficient way. They were able to explain to their respective patients even the meaning of their ECG report or their lipid-profile study. Not only in depth study of these subjects but also a practical experience by studying various case histories, will lead to better grasp of the nitty-gritty of anatomy (Crane Cox, 2013). The whole point of this study is to reduce considerably the gap between theory and practice (Gordon et al., 2012). Recommendation The author should consider carrying a similar study either taking into consideration the field bioscience as a whole or considering each subjects that forms bioscience, among the nursing students to assess whether it is anatomy alone or they are anxious about studying bioscience. Other than that, a study can also be carried out on whether having a prior background in bioscience would help the nursing students to deal with these subjects. References: Crane, J., Cox, J. (2013). More than Just a Lack of Knowledge: A Discussion of the Potential Hidden-Impact of Poor Pre-enrolment Science Background on Nursing Student Success in Bioscience Subjects. International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education (formerly CAL-laborate International), 21(2). El-Sayed, R. E. S. H., El-Raouf, S. E. H. A. (2013). Video-based lectures: An emerging paradigm for teaching human anatomy and physiology to student nurses. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 49(3), 215-222. Gordon, C., Plenderleith, M., Hudson, P., Wirihana, L., Craft, J. (2012). Cross-sectional analysis of undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of bioscience. Proceedings of The Australian Conference on Science and Mathematics Education (formerly UniServe Science Conference). Johnston, A. N. (2010). Anatomy for nurses: Providing students with the best learning experience. Nurse Education in Practice, 10(4), 222-226. Johnston, A. N. B., McAllister, M. (2008). Back to the future with hands-on science: Students perceptions of learning anatomy and physiology. Journal of Nursing Education, 47(9), 417-421. Kim, Y. M. (2005). Effects of a Web-based teaching method on undergraduate nursing students' learning of electrocardiography. Journal of Nursing Education, 44(1), 35. McLachlan, J. C. (2004). New path for teaching anatomy: living anatomy and medical imaging vs. dissection. The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist, 281(1), 4-5. Mitchell, B. S., McCrorie, P., Sedgwick, P. (2004). Student attitudes towards anatomy teaching and learning in a multiprofessional context. Medical Education, 38(7), 737-748. Pandey, P., Zimitat, C. (2007). Medical students' learning of anatomy: memorisation, understanding and visualisation. Medical education, 41(1), 7-14. Shors, T. J. (2006). Stressful experience and learning across the lifespan. Annual review of psychology, 57, 55. Weatherall, D. J. (2006). Science in the undergraduate curriculum during the 20th century. Medical education, 40(3), 195-201. Winkelmann, A. (2007). Anatomical dissection as a teaching method in medical school: a review of the evidence. Medical education, 41(1), 15-22.

Scientific Management

Management has been a crucial human activity since time immemorial. Ever since human beings began forming social organizations with the aim of accomplishing particular objectives, management has been essential in ensuring the coordination of individual efforts.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Scientific Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a matter of fact, the society has constantly depended on group efforts, which have increased with time, raising the significance and complexity of managerial work. Several management approaches have come up with the aim of elucidating how supervision should be executed within organizations. This paper aims at critically analyzing scientific management, shedding light on its principles and characteristics while establishing its level of applicability and inappropriateness in modern management. Definitions of Scientific Management The phrase scientific manageme nt is coined from two words; scientific and management. The term ‘scientific’ refers to the logical investigative and objective approach whereas ‘management’ refers to the process of ensuring that duties are executed through others. According to Fredrick Winslow Taylor, scientific management refers to the art of establishing the best and most cost-effective approach of doing things within an organization. It involves deciding what to do and who to do a particular task and the most appropriate way to perform a given task within the organization. According to him, scientific management refers to the application of scientific practices to management which include; selection, staffing, training, posting the employees and the most cost-effective means of doing a particular task (SWATI, 2011). As Harlow Person puts it, scientific management typifies a form of arrangement and practice in a purposive and combined effort which is based on the codes or laws that are formulated via the method of scientific analysis, as opposed to using strategies which are formulated in an experimental and informal manner of trial and error method (SWATI, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jones argues that, scientific management refers to a set of clearly set regulations that are laid down by those in the managerial positions which should be applied to harmonize an organization in order to realize profound strictness for maximum productivity (SWATI, 2011). Lioyd, Dodd and zynch posits that, scientific management aims at getting the most out of the systems, employees and resources while influencing productivity with regards to positioning and planning of the employees towards the ultimate to achieve utmost productivity (SWATI, 2011). According to Peter F. Drucker, scientific management refers to a structured study of work within an organizat ion, the evaluation of the work in its basic form and the logical upgrading of the employees (SWATI, 2011). Precisely, scientific management, also known as Taylorism is a theory of management that applies the standards and practices of science in management (Hounshell, 1984). It evaluates and produces workflows with an aim of improving economic effectiveness, particularly on labor output. The theory was among the earliest approaches that applied science in the field of management. It was pioneered by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the early 1890s and was mostly applied in the manufacturing industries. Its influence hit the highest point around1910 after which an epoch of opposition and syncretism with conflicting or complementary thoughts cropped up (Beissinger, 1988). While scientific management as a distinctive theory had become out-dated by the 1940s, most of its aspects are still used within the industrial sector as well as managerial positions up to date. Such aspects include eval uation, synthesis, consistence, prudence, work values, competence, eliminating the unnecessary factors of production, consistency of exceptional practices, disregarding of egoistic customs and training of employees (Taylor, 1911).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Scientific Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his scientific management approach, Taylor held that the managers of his time depended so much on individual ingenuity of employees in order to attain utmost output. However, these expectations were hardly met (Taylor, 1911). In an attempt to prove that the employees’ productivity is often far much below their capabilities, he suggested that all managers should apply the four principles of scientific management which are as follows. Outline a ‘science’ in every aspect of an employee’s work, choose the employees in a scientific manner, train and build the employe es scientifically and enhance good-natured cooperation between the employees and the managers in order to facilitate effective execution of work (Beissinger, 1988). Principles of Scientific Management Science against Rule of Thumb According to F. Taylor, the rule of thumb was a practice that was commonly used before the coming of scientific management. According to him, the practice was supposed to be substituted with scientific knowledge within organizations. He argued that the practice of the rule of thumb laid more emphasis on sheer guesswork while scientific management entails strictness in formulating and performing all the aspects of a given task. According to this approach this can only be achieved through the application of meticulous scientific analysis. This involves precision in all the aspects of work such as consistency of work as well as different degrees of payment for a given level of work (Taylor, 1911). Harmony as Opposed to Discord Taylor maintained that, organiza tions should maintain harmony through collective action while discord should be avoided. Harmony ensures that the different groups of people within the organization work as a single unit leading to the accomplishment of an organization’s objectives. Harmony guarantees utmost understanding of all the stakeholders within an organization enhancing a mutual relationship amongst the members (Taylor, 1911).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Co-operation vs. Individualism The approach of scientific management necessitates that all the different sections of an organization should combine forces with the aim of increased productivity. As a matter of fact, scientific management is based on reciprocated confidence, teamwork and benevolence. In order to achieve this, the employees as well as the management need to undergo a complete transformation with regards to their mental outlook. Taylor maintained that suspicion and enmity should be replaced with mutual confidence and friendliness respectively (Taylor, 1911). Characteristics of Scientific Management Development of Individual Employees for Competence and Success For maximum productivity, extra effort should be put in order to enhance the employees’ competence. While recruiting new employees, emphasis should be laid on the type of work and the competence of the employee towards a particular task, after which scientific training follows. The managers should employ i ncentive wage plan when dealing with individual employees. A combination of these efforts ensures that the employees attain their highest potential which leads to utmost success to both the individual and the company (Taylor, 1911). Standardization of Tools and Equipments According to scientific management, it is crucial to produce standard products and services and also bring about uniformity in the production of high quality goods and services. In fact, standardization should be applied with regards to the cost of production, equipments, tools, materials, duration, conditions and quantity of work (Taylor, 1911). Scientific Selection and Training of Workers The approach of scientific management demands that choosing and training employees should be done in a scientific method. This should be done with respect to their academic background, their wellbeing, experience, talents, physical fitness as well as intelligence. Appropriate training should then be offered with the help of qual ified personnel with respect to their ability and type of work (Taylor, 1911). Experimentation and Scientific Investigation The achievement of scientific management relies heavily upon research and investigation. It entails logical study, surveillance research, experimentation and exploration. In a contemporary organization, the most preeminent and most effective methods of doing work can only be achieved through continuous testing and scientific research (Taylor, 1911). Incentive Wage System Taylor supported a wage system that was in form of differential piece wages. This system entailed two different wages where employees who attained a given target within a given time limit were paid their wages at a higher rate per unit while those who could not meet the right standards within a given time limit were paid their wages at a lower rate per unit. In other words, the incentive wage system entails a substantial disparity in wages between those who are able to achieve or outdo a given target within a given time and those who do not (Hartness, 1912). Efficient attain system The approach of scientific management involves caution in determining the total cost of production and also the cost at every level of production. It is based on a cost-effective economy. While implementing an organization’s objectives, any needless factors of production are done away with in an attempt to achieve maximum production within minimum cost. The approach ensures minimum wastage in all the factors of production (SWATI, 2011). Scientific Allotment of Task Scientific management ensures that any task is delegated to the best employee available, depending on one’s ability and professional qualification for the particular task. Indeed, no matter how well an individual is competent, it is extremely difficult to execute all the tasks proficiently. For this reason, managers should cautiously establish the best individual for every job and the best job for every individual. This is because one is able to execute a given job most proficiently as long as it matches his preference, ability and qualifications (Head, 2005). Effectiveness of Scientific Management in Business Running Scientific management can be termed as the most established approach of designing the tasks of employees. The principles of this approach are the foundation of modern industrial and organizational production methods in job planning. These techniques entail making work practices more proficient, establishing the most appropriate means of executing the jobs and aligning the work flows (Noble, 1984). In addition, several contemporary management terminologies such as quality circles, reengineering, and total quality management can be traced back to scientific management. Moreover, employee and manager training which is common in modern companies was also an indispensable aspect of the principles of scientific management (Aitken, 1985). As a matter of fact, modern management borrows a lot of concepts from scientific management. Such concepts include; the use of incentives for excellent performance, planning of jobs with the use of proficient work procedures, choosing of employees depending on their abilities to execute specific tasks, training of employees to improve efficiency in their work and training the managers in order to effectively supervise the workers ( Aitken,1985). However, its tremendous achievements, Taylor’s scientific management approach failed to solve all the challenges experienced by the managers while supervising the employees as they execute their day to day work. This can be attributed to the intrinsic flaws of scientific management (Drury, 1915). These flaws include the idea of breaking down work into its basic constituents to achieve the accomplishment of the tasks by the employees as evaluated by the managers as well as the flaw of isolating the planning of work from the execution. According to some critics, these only made the emplo yees to gain more experience and routine other than knowledge and appreciation. The approach of scientific management has also been criticized for the discrepancy of the workers needs (Drury, 1915). Such criticisms with regards to Taylor’s approach of scientific management led to the development of other alternatives. This included the modern theories of management such as performance management approach. These theories included job enrichment as well as job enlargement. Job enrichment incorporates accomplishment, development, and appreciation prospects in the job while Job enlargement merges numerous tasks into a single task providing variety (Mullins, 2004). In Conclusion it is clear that the principles of scientific management are still applied in modern management. The rise of modern management approaches, and the criticism may not have been directed upon the principles of scientific management, but on scientific management that cropped up in the modern management schools of thoughts. Research indicates that, contemporary industrial production, quality circles, reengineering schemes, and total quality management innovations depend on workflow knowledge and other practices that mirror the first principle of scientific management. On the other hand, the modern recruitment system employed by the human resource personnel as well as the selection criteria reflects the second principle of scientific management while training and development of the employees and the managers can be seen in the third principle. Furthermore, several modern organizations call for mutual cooperation between the employees and the managers, representing the fourth principle of scientific management. For this reason, Taylor is still regarded highly by various management experts to date (SWATI, 2011). Reference List Aitken, J. (1985). Scientific Management in Action: Taylorism at Watertown  Arsenal, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press. Beissinger, R. (1988).Scientific Management, Socialist Discipline, and  Soviet Power. London, UK: I.B. Tauris Co Ltd. Drury, B. (1915). Scientific Management: A History and Criticism, New York, NY, USA: Columbia University. Hartness, J. (1912).The human Factor in Works Management. London: McGraw-Hill. Head, S. (2005). The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the  Digital Ag,.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Hounshell, A. (1984). The Development of Manufacturing Technology in  The United States. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. Mullins, J. (2004). Management and Organizational Behavior. Financial Times–FT Press–Prentice-Hall–Pearson Education Ltd. Noble, F. (1984). Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial  Automation. New York, New York, USA: Knopf. SWATI, G. (2011). Meaning, Definition Characteristics and Features  Scientific Management. Web. Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1911).The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY, USA and Lo ndon, UK: Harper Brothers. This research paper on Scientific Management was written and submitted by user Nightmare to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Massacre of British Army in Afghanistan in 1842

Massacre of British Army in Afghanistan in 1842 A British incursion into Afghanistan ended in disaster in 1842 when an entire British army, while retreating back to India, was massacred. Only a single survivor made it back to British-held territory. It was assumed the Afghans let him live to tell the story of what had happened. The background to the shocking military disaster had been the constant geopolitical jockeying in southern Asia which eventually came to be called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Great Game.†Ã‚  The British Empire, in the early 19th century, ruled  India (through the East India Company), and the Russian Empire, to the north, was suspected of having its own designs on India. The British wanted to conquer Afghanistan to prevent the Russians from invading southward through the mountainous regions into British India. One of the earliest eruptions in this epic struggle was the first Anglo-Afghan War, which had its beginning in the late 1830s. To protect its holdings in India, the British had allied themselves with an Afghan ruler, Dost Mohammed. He had united warring Afghan factions after seizing power in 1818 and seemed to be serving a useful purpose to the British. But in 1837, it became apparent that Dost Mohammed was beginning a flirtation with the Russians. Britain Invaded Afghanistan in the Late 1830s The British resolved to invade Afghanistan, and the Army of the Indus, a formidable force of more than 20,000 British and Indian troops, set off from India for Afghanistan in late 1838. After difficult travel through the mountain passes, the British reached Kabul in April 1839. They marched unopposed into the Afghan capital city. Dost Mohammed was toppled as the Afghan leader, and the British installed Shah Shuja, who had been driven from power decades earlier. The original plan was to withdraw all the British troops, but Shah Shuja’s hold on power was shaky, so two brigades of British troops had to remain in Kabul. Along with the British Army were two major figures assigned to essentially guide the government of Shah Shuja, Sir William McNaghten and Sir Alexander Burnes. The men were two well-known and very experienced political officers. Burnes had lived in Kabul previously, and had written a book about his time there. The British forces staying in Kabul could have moved into an ancient fortress overlooking the city, but Shah Shuja believed that would make it look like the British were in control. Instead, the British built a new cantonment, or base, that would prove very difficult to defend. Sir Alexander Burnes, feeling quite confident, lived outside the cantonment, in a house in Kabul. The Afghans Revolted The Afghan population deeply resented the British troops. Tensions slowly escalated, and despite warnings from friendly Afghans that an uprising was inevitable, the British were unprepared in November 1841 when an insurrection broke out in Kabul. A mob encircled the house of Sir Alexander Burnes. The British diplomat tried to offer the crowd money to disburse, to no effect. The lightly defended residence was overrun. Burnes and his brother were both brutally murdered. The British troops in the city were greatly outnumbered and unable to defend themselves properly, as the cantonment was encircled. A truce was arranged in late November, and it seems the Afghans simply wanted the British to leave the country. But tensions escalated when the son of Dost Mohammed, Muhammad Akbar Khan, appeared in Kabul and took a harder line. British Were Forced to Flee Sir William McNaghten, who had been trying to negotiate a way out of the city, was murdered on December 23, 1841, reportedly by Muhammad Akbar Khan himself. The British, their situation hopeless, somehow managed to negotiate a treaty to leave Afghanistan. On January 6, 1842, the British began their withdrawal from Kabul. Leaving the city were 4,500 British troops and 12,000 civilians who had followed the British Army to Kabul. The plan was to march to Jalalabad, about 90 miles away. The retreat in the brutally cold weather took an immediate toll, and many died from exposure in the first days. And despite the treaty, the British column came under attack when it reached a mountain pass, the Khurd Kabul. The retreat became a massacre. Slaughter in the Mountain Passes of Afghanistan A magazine based in Boston, the North American Review, published a remarkably extensive and timely account titled â€Å"The English in Afghanistan† six months later, in July 1842. It contained this vivid description (some antiquated spellings have been left intact): On the 6th of January, 1842, the Caboul forces commenced their retreat through the dismal pass, destined to be their grave. On the third day they were attacked by the mountaineers from all points, and a fearful slaughter ensued†¦ The troops kept on, and awful scenes ensued. Without food, mangled and cut to pieces, each one caring only for himself, all subordination had fled; and the soldiers of the forty-fourth English regiment are reported to have knocked down their officers with the butts of their muskets. On the 13th of January, just seven days after the retreat commenced, one man, bloody and torn, mounted on a miserable pony, and pursued by horsemen, was seen riding furiously across the plains to Jellalabad. That was Dr. Brydon, the sole person to tell the tale of the passage of Khourd Caboul. More than 16,000 people had set out on the retreat from Kabul, and in the end, only one man, Dr. William Brydon, a British Army surgeon, had made it alive to Jalalabad.   The garrison there lit signal fires and sounded bugles to guide other British survivors to safety. But after several days they realized that Brydon would be the only one. It was believed the Afghans let him live so he could tell the grisly story. The legend of the sole survivor, while not quite accurate, endured. In the 1870s, a British painter, Elizabeth Thompson, Lady Butler, produced a dramatic painting of a soldier on a dying horse said to be based on the story of Brydon. The painting, titled Remnants of an Army, became famous and is in the collection of the Tate Gallery in London.   The Retreat from Kabul Was a Severe Blow to British Pride The loss of so many troops to mountain tribesmen was, of course, a bitter humiliation for the British. With Kabul lost, a campaign was mounted to evacuate the rest of the British troops from garrisons in Afghanistan, and the British then withdrew from the country entirely. And while popular legend held that Dr. Brydon was the only survivor from the horrific retreat from Kabul, some British troops and their wives had been taken hostage by Afghans and were later rescued and released. A few other survivors turned up over the years. One account, in a history of Afghanistan by former British diplomat Sir Martin Ewans, contends that in the 1920s two elderly women in Kabul were introduced to British diplomats. Astoundingly, they had been on the retreat as babies. Their British parents had apparently been killed, but they had been rescued and brought up by Afghan families. Despite the 1842 disaster, the British did not abandon hopes of controlling Afghanistan. The Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878-1880 secured a diplomatic solution which kept Russian influence out of Afghanistan for the remainder of the 19th century.

5 Types of Conciseness Solutions

5 Types of Conciseness Solutions 5 Types of Conciseness Solutions 5 Types of Conciseness Solutions By Mark Nichol Various syntactical constructions signal the potential for verbal economy. In each example below, one or more words are easily omitted, as shown in the revision that follows the discussion about each sentence. 1. This is another step toward bringing the country’s privacy-protection regime in line with those of other international jurisdictions. In this sentence, nominalization, or transformation of a verb into a noun, results in an unnecessarily complicated syntax and an excessive word count. To reverse this process, convert â€Å"in line† to a form of align and replace the verb bringing with it: â€Å"This is another step toward aligning the country’s privacy-protection regime with those of other international jurisdictions.† 2. This contact would typically be someone who is in charge of managing privacy compliance. Here, the sentence is rendered slightly less wordy by omitting the unnecessary phrase â€Å"who is†: â€Å"This contact would typically be someone in charge of managing privacy compliance.† (â€Å"That is/are† is also often extraneous, as in â€Å"However, it is emerging technology-related challenges that are the foremost challenges for survey respondents,† which can be reduced to â€Å"However, emerging technology-related challenges are the foremost challenges for survey respondents.†) 3. There are a number of technical provisions that apply to providers of electronic communication services. This sentence includes an expletive (that term, in grammatical contexts, refers to the use of the weak phrase structure â€Å"There is/was/are/were† (or one beginning with it, followed by one of the listed verbs). This telltale phrase, and the corresponding that, are easily, productively omitted: â€Å"A number of technical provisions apply to providers of electronic communication services.† 4. The agency is analyzing the different types of alternative data available. Here, the superfluous adjective different (the idea is already implied in types) is omitted: â€Å"The agency is analyzing the types of alternative data available.† (Currently is another almost always extraneous modifier.) 5. Pinpoint which data to monitor for the purpose of helping continuously improve the department’s performance. Delete useless phrases such as â€Å"for the purpose of,† which may appear to strengthen a sentence but only clutter it (and change the phrase â€Å"of helping† to â€Å"to help†): â€Å"Pinpoint which data to monitor to help continuously improve the department’s performance.† (This sentence can also be inverted to â€Å"To help continuously improve the department’s performance, pinpoint which data to monitor.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:44 Resume Writing TipsWhat’s the Best Way to Refer to a Romantic Partner?

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper - Essay Example People like leading life that is far from fear. Natural justice demands respect to human life and dignity. Freedom ceases when human life is under the fear of terror attacks. Terror attacks and threats of terror attack impact on economy of a country. My thesis will dwell on terrorism since it has been an issue of interest in the recent past with several terror attacks reported in many parts of the world. Many people fear security threat and would rather keep off from places that have security problems. People would be keen to listen to information regarding terrorism. Research indicates that businesses and human activities, which lead to economic development becomes victims of terror attacks at a given time of their operations. Terrorism attack in the United State has led to closure of several businesses and death of dozens of citizens (Bruck 28). It is quite unfair for innocent people to die merciless in the hands of people who do not wish to air their concerns in dignified manner. How would a person feel when an innocent child loses his life because of terror attack? The government security agencies endeavor to provide security to the citizens. Protection from terror attack must come first in top government agenda. Stable economy of United States depends on the security system of the country. Many investors are reluctant to invest in countries, which suffer from terrorist attack. Terror risk deprives people from achieving natural justice. Terrorist acts fail to acknowledge respect for human dignity and rights. Institution of governments among people aims to provide checks and balances in human authority and activities. United States cannot progress when terrorism rule the society. It will water the progresses that the country has made. The society has viewed terrorism as a suicide attack for a very long time. Changes in technology have introduced new strains of terrorism in the society. These strains include biological terrorism, chemical terrorism and inform ation warfare. Information warfare is an act that would leak basic security information of a country thereby exposing the country to attack by the terrorist. This form of terrorism is quite recent and very difficult to control. United States is a superpower and would harbor information which when leaked would expose the country to security risks. Individuals who want the country to sympathize with their criminal acts would crack the information and expose it to the internet. On the other hand, biological or chemical terrorism would use the chemical technology to cause harm to the society. Manufacture of chemicals that would lead to massive death violates human rights. Death of innocent people is not acceptable. Biological engineering may result in formation of products that would lead to human death. The above forms of terrorism expose human life to risk thereby calling for protection against such. Researchers’ and database articles around the globe have shown that, societies have come up with means of airing their grievances. Terrorists approach to societal problems has attracted condemnation throughout the world. Countries feel insecure when terrorist are on the loose. The political system of the country would suffer on the hands of terrorist. The society expects the political government in office to take responsibility of providing security to the people (Bruck 78). When the government sounds a terror risk, the political system of the country becomes weak. The political responsibility demands that a